Regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle involves calcium- and lipid-stimulated kinases acting on cytoskeletal structures; there are two principal reasons for supposing that the regulation of the prokaryotic cell cycle may be fundamentally the same. First, evidence for their fundamental difference is still missing and, second, evidence for prokaryotic homologues of eukaryotic cell cycle proteins is accumulating. Such proteins include those involved in calcium regulation, such as calmodulin and calcium-dependent kinases, and those involved in lipid regulation, such as protein kinase C. Proteins identified as candidates for cytoskeletal elements now include MukB, a putative contractile protein responsible for chromosome segregation, and FtsZ, the key constituent of the “cytokinetic” ring. These similarities allow the application of powerful prokaryotic model systems to one of biology’s most profound, complex and urgent problems: the nature of the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle.