The concept of “public” in the Berne and Rome Conventions must be interpreted in a holistic way in accordance with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In particular, it is necessary to involve the principles of the “three step test” in the TRIPS Agreement, the WCT and the WPPT. In view of the international jurisprudence in that respect, one should pay particular attention to the economic importance of the distinction for the right owners, rather than to more or less abstract notions of personal links between organizers and audience or among the members of the audience.