Contemporary blood doping: Performance, mechanism, and detection
Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt
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Contemporary blood doping : Performance, mechanism, and detection. / Breenfeldt Andersen, Andreas; Nordsborg, Nikolai Baastrup; Bonne, Thomas Christian; Bejder, Jacob.
I: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Bind 34, Nr. 1, e14243, 2024.Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Contemporary blood doping
T2 - Performance, mechanism, and detection
AU - Breenfeldt Andersen, Andreas
AU - Nordsborg, Nikolai Baastrup
AU - Bonne, Thomas Christian
AU - Bejder, Jacob
N1 - This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - Blood doping is prohibited for athletes but has been a well-described practice within endurance sports throughout the years. With improved direct and indirect detection methods, the practice has allegedly moved towards micro-dosing, i.e., reducing the blood doping regime amplitude. This narrative review evaluates whether blood doping, specifically recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) treatment and blood transfusions are performance-enhancing, the responsible mechanism as well as detection possibilities with a special emphasis on micro-dosing. In general, studies evaluating micro-doses of blood doping are limited. However, in randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials, three studies find that infusing as little as 130 ml red blood cells or injecting 9 IU × kg bw-1 rhEpo three times per week for four weeks improve endurance performance ~4-6 %. The responsible mechanism for a performance-enhancing effect following rhEpo or blood transfusions appear to be increased O2 -carrying capacity, which is accompanied by an increased muscular oxygen extraction and likely increased blood flow to the working muscles, enabling the ability to sustain a higher exercise intensity for a given period. Blood doping in micro-doses challenges indirect detection by the Athlete Biological Passport, albeit it can identify ~20-60% of the individuals depending on the sample timing. However, novel biomarkers are emerging, and some may provide additive value for detection of micro blood doping such as the immature reticulocytes or the iron regulatory hormones hepcidin and erythroferrone. Future studies should attempt to validate these biomarkers for implementation in real-world anti-doping efforts and continue the biomarker discovery.
AB - Blood doping is prohibited for athletes but has been a well-described practice within endurance sports throughout the years. With improved direct and indirect detection methods, the practice has allegedly moved towards micro-dosing, i.e., reducing the blood doping regime amplitude. This narrative review evaluates whether blood doping, specifically recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) treatment and blood transfusions are performance-enhancing, the responsible mechanism as well as detection possibilities with a special emphasis on micro-dosing. In general, studies evaluating micro-doses of blood doping are limited. However, in randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials, three studies find that infusing as little as 130 ml red blood cells or injecting 9 IU × kg bw-1 rhEpo three times per week for four weeks improve endurance performance ~4-6 %. The responsible mechanism for a performance-enhancing effect following rhEpo or blood transfusions appear to be increased O2 -carrying capacity, which is accompanied by an increased muscular oxygen extraction and likely increased blood flow to the working muscles, enabling the ability to sustain a higher exercise intensity for a given period. Blood doping in micro-doses challenges indirect detection by the Athlete Biological Passport, albeit it can identify ~20-60% of the individuals depending on the sample timing. However, novel biomarkers are emerging, and some may provide additive value for detection of micro blood doping such as the immature reticulocytes or the iron regulatory hormones hepcidin and erythroferrone. Future studies should attempt to validate these biomarkers for implementation in real-world anti-doping efforts and continue the biomarker discovery.
KW - Faculty of Science
KW - Micro blood doping
KW - Exercise
KW - Antidoping
KW - Blood manipulation
KW - Low volume
KW - Blood transfusion
KW - Recombinant human erythropoietin
U2 - 10.1111/sms.14243
DO - 10.1111/sms.14243
M3 - Review
C2 - 36229224
VL - 34
JO - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
JF - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
SN - 0905-7188
IS - 1
M1 - e14243
ER -
ID: 322945220